The NAFE’06 data set: Towards soil moisture retrieval at intermediate resolution     

Olivier Merlin  Jeffrey P. Walker  Jetse D. Kalma  Edward J. Kim  Jorg Hacker  Rocco Panciera  Rodger Young  Gregory Summerell  John Hornbuckle  Mohsin Hafeez  Thomas Jackson 《Advances in water resources》2008

The National Airborne Field Experiment 2006 (NAFE’06) was conducted during a three week period of November 2006 in the Murrumbidgee River catchment, located in southeastern Australia. One objective of NAFE’06 was to explore the suitability of the area for SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) calibration/validation and develop downscaling and assimilation techniques for when SMOS does come on line. Airborne L-band brightness temperature was mapped at 1 km resolution 11 times (every 1–3 days) over a 40 by 55 km area in the Yanco region and 3 times over a 40 by 50 km area that includes Kyeamba Creek catchment. Moreover, multi-resolution, multi-angle and multi-spectral airborne data including surface temperature, surface reflectance (green, read and near infrared), lidar data and aerial photos were acquired over selected areas to develop downscaling algorithms and test multi-angle and multi-spectral retrieval approaches. The near-surface soil moisture was measured extensively on the ground in eight sampling areas concurrently with aircraft flights, and the soil moisture profile was continuously monitored at 41 sites. Preliminary analyses indicate that (i) the uncertainty of a single ground measurement was typically less than 5% vol. (ii) the spatial variability of ground measurements at 1 km resolution was up to 10% vol. and (iii) the validation of 1 km resolution L-band data is facilitated by selecting pixels with a spatial soil moisture variability lower than the point-scale uncertainty. The sensitivity of passive microwave and thermal data is also compared at 1 km resolution to illustrate the multi-spectral synergy for soil moisture monitoring at improved accuracy and resolution. The data described in this paper are available at www.nafe.unimelb.edu.au.  相似文献   

PSYCHIC – A process-based model of phosphorus and sediment transfers within agricultural catchments. Part 2. A preliminary evaluation     

J. Strmqvist  A.L. Collins  P.S. Davison  E.I. Lord 《Journal of Hydrology》2008,350(3-4):303-316

This paper describes the preliminary evaluation of the PSYCHIC catchment scale (Tier 1) model for predicting the mobilisation and delivery of phosphorus (P) and suspended sediment (SS) in the Hampshire Avon (1715 km²) and Herefordshire Wye (4017 km²) drainage basins, in the UK, using empirical data. Phosphorus and SS transfers to watercourses in the Wye were predicted to be greater than corresponding delivery in the Avon; SS, 249 vs 33 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; DP, 2.57 vs 1.26 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹; PP, 2.20 vs 0.56 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The spatial pattern of the predicted transfers was relatively uniform across the Wye drainage basin, whilst in the Avon, delivery to watercourses was largely confined to the river corridors and small areas of drained land. Statistical performance in relation to predicted exports of P and SS, using criteria for relative error (RE) and root mean square error (RMSE), reflected the potential shortcomings associated with using longer-term climate data for predicting shorter-term (2002–2004) catchment response and the need to refine calculations of point source contributions and to incorporate additional river basin processes such as channel bank erosion and in-stream geochemical processing. PSYCHIC is therefore best suited to characterising longer-term catchment response.  相似文献   

The choice of the spherical radial basis functions in local gravity field modeling   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

R. Tenzer  R. Klees 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2008,52(3):287-304

The choice of the optimal spherical radial basis function (SRBF) in local gravity field modelling from terrestrial gravity data is investigated. Various types of SRBFs are considered: the point-mass kernel, radial multipoles, Poisson wavelets, and the Poisson kernel. The analytical expressions for the Poisson kernel, the point-mass kernel and the radial multipoles are well known, while for the Poisson wavelet new closed analytical expressions are derived for arbitrary orders using recursions. The performance of each SRBF in local gravity field modelling is analyzed using real data. A penalized least-squares technique is applied to estimate the gravity field parameters. As follows from the analysis, almost the same accuracy of gravity field modelling can be achieved for different types of the SRBFs, provided that the depth of the SRBFs is chosen properly. Generalized cross validation is shown to be a suitable technique for the choice of the depth. As a good alternative to generalized cross validation, we propose the minimization of the RMS differences between predicted and observed values at a set of control points. The optimal regularization parameter is determined using variance component estimation techniques. The relation between the depth and the correlation length of the SRBFs is established. It is shown that the optimal depth depends on the type of the SRBF. However, the gravity field solution does not change significantly if the depth is changed by several km. The size of the data area (which is always larger than the target area) depends on the type of the SRBF. The point-mass kernel requires the largest data area.  相似文献   

A transport‐distance approach to scaling erosion rates: 2. sensitivity and evaluation of Mahleran     

John Wainwright  Anthony J. Parsons  Eva N. Müller  Richard E. Brazier  D. Mark Powell  Bantigegne Fenti 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2008,33(6):962-984

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沥青路面高温温度场数值分析与试验验证     

黄立葵  贾璐  万剑平  万智 《岩土力学》2006,27(Z1):40-45

利用气象资料预估夏季高温季节沥青路面结构内温度场的分布状况,有助于合理地设计沥青路面结构,在不同结构层使用合适的沥青等级,以防止路面出现过量的车辙。根据传热学基本理论,分析了沥青路面在夏季高温季节的热能传导方式,建立了沥青路面显式格式二维非稳态温度场数值分析模型,并实现了基于有限差分的数值求解。为了解不同地域和气候条件对沥青路面高温温度场的影响,进行了温度场现场试验验证。试验观测结果与数值分析结果的对比,证明了本文数值计算模型的合理性和正确性。  相似文献   

Live benthic foraminiferal faunas off Cape Blanc, NW-Africa: Community structure and microhabitats     

F. J. Jorissen  I. Wittling  J. P. Peypouquet  C. Rabouille  J. C. Relexans 《Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers》1998,45(12):2157-2188

Live (Rose-Vengal stained) benthic foraminifera were studied along a transect across the main area of organic matter deposition in the Cape Blanc upwelling region. The faunal analyses suggest that at the shallowest station (1200 m) the benthic ecosystem is permanently influenced by the upwelling, whereas at the deepest stations (3010 and 2530 m depth) the ocean bottom is subject to significant organic influxes only in summer. The vertical zonation of foraminiferal species in the sediment shows a close correspondence with the depth distribution of oxic respiration, nitrate and sulphate reduction. It is suggested that this linkage is caused by the presence of various stocks of anaerobic and sulphate- and nitrate-reducing bacteria. Deep infaunal foraminiferal species are thought to feed selectively, either on the bacterial stocks or on nutritious particles produced by bacterial degradation of more refractory organic matter. As such, foraminiferal microhabitats are only indirectly controlled by pore water oxygen concentrations.  相似文献   

Field validation of age readings from the statoliths of chokka squid (Loligo vulgaris reynaudii d'Orbigny, 1845) and an assessment of associated errors   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Lipinski  M. R.; Durholtz  M. D.; Underhill  L. G. 《ICES Journal of Marine Science》1998,55(2):240-257

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直方变差图理论在卫星产品质量检验空间配准中的应用   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

刘瑞霞  师春香  刘杰 《遥感学报》2009,13(2):307-312

将直方变差图中的"驻点"理论引入卫星产品质量验证中,用于解决不同资料对比中的空间配准问题.提出了直方变差图理论用于卫星资料质量检验中驻点、边界点的定义以及应用原理,以中国风云2号C星海面温度产品为例,对这种方法进行了应用试验,结果表明,可以减少卫星产品检验空间配准过程中由于降尺度(downscaling)或升尺度(upscaling)导致像元性质改变而引入的伪误差;通过卫星资料与离散常规观测资料的比对,可以不严格进行空间配准,也可得到相对准确的精度检验结果.  相似文献   

MODIS气溶胶C004、C005产品的对比分析及其在中国北方地区的适用性评价   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4       下载免费PDF全文

周春艳  柳钦火  唐勇  王凯  孙林  何颖霞 《遥感学报》2009,13(5):863-879

详细介绍了MODIS气溶胶C005产品算法的改进情况。选择北京、榆林为试验区, 利用AERONET地基观测的气溶胶光学厚度数据, 对比分析了上午星TERRA、下午星AQUA的MODIS气溶胶C004、C005新旧产品的精度, 评价了它们在中国北方地区的适用性。采用波长插值、时空匹配将地基数据和MODIS 气溶胶产品匹配在一起, 然后采用线性拟合的方法进行对比分析。文中就MODIS气溶胶产品和地基数据的时空匹配, 摒弃了NASA关于MODIS气溶胶产品在全球所采用的方法, 引入当地月平均风速, 提出了中国北方地区时空匹配尺度。对比分析以及评价结果表明: (1) C005产品算法的改进并没有提高北京站点气溶胶光学厚度的精度, 在AOT<0.8时反而是下降的; C004、C005产品在北京站点不具有显著适用性, 但C004比C005产品效果好。(2) 榆林站点, TERRA-MODIS C004产品能够达到需求标准, 而AQUA-MODIS C004精度有所下降; 两星的C005产品精度较C004有很大程度的改善, 470、550、660nm 3个波段的气溶胶光学厚度与AERONET地基观测数据的相关系数均高于0.9, 具有显著适用性。这说明了新算法所采用的确定地表反射率的方法在植被覆盖好的地区是可行的, 在高反射地区效果不好。  相似文献   

基于仿真的6.9 GHz通道亮温改进FY-3D MWRI海面温度产品          下载免费PDF全文

张淼  孙逢林  窦芳丽  谷松岩 《气象科技》2022,50(2):189-193

海洋表面温度SST（Sea Surface Temperature）是全球海洋和气候研究的重要参数之一，卫星被动微波遥感由于能够实现全天候观测而被越来越多的应用到SST研究中。中国的风云三号（FY 3）卫星搭载的微波成像仪（MWRI）缺少对SST更加敏感的7 GHz附近垂直极化通道，本研究将FY 3 MWRI与具有6.9 GHz通道的Aqua AMSR 2进行时空匹配，采用神经网络方法，利用匹配的FY 3 MWRI的通道亮温模拟仿真AMSR 2的69 GHz垂直极化通道亮温（6.9V），通过引入仿真的6.9V来提高FY 3 MWRI SST的反演精度。结果表明：引入仿真的6.9V可以改进FY 3 MWRI SST反演精度，对35°～90°S之间海域的SST改进更加显著，主要由于6.9V对低SST的探测灵敏度更高且在低SST反演时受风速的影响较小导致的。如果FY3后续卫星可以搭载6.9 GHz通道，将可进一步提升低SST特别是两极SST的反演精度。  相似文献